Trichuris vulpis: Whipworm

General Description: Long nematodes, 4.5 to 7.5cm in length with a long, thin anterior end and a thicker posterior region, giving the appearance of a whip.

Life Cycle: Trichuris vulpis infects dogs and foxes and has a direct life cycle. Infective first-stage larvae develop inside the eggs, about 3 weeks after leaving the host. The eggs survive for several years, being very hardy. Infection is by ingestion of the eggs. The prepatent period ranges from 6 weeks to 3 months.

Location: Cecum and large intestine.

Significance: A common parasite causing serious disease only in heavy infections.

Effect on Host: Large numbers of blood-sucking adult whipworms irritate the wall of the cecum and large intestine. Profuse diarrhoea, loss of weight, and unthriftiness may occur. Blood may appear in the faeces with severe infections.

Diagnostic Information: Barrel-shaped eggs with transparent plugs at each end appear in the faeces.

Control: Anthelmintic treatment and stringent sanitation will control whipworms. Although the eggs are resistant to freezing, they do not withstand drying. Proper drainage of outdoor runs and other dog quarters will therefore decrease egg survival.

Trichuris, adults		Typical bi–polar eggs, also one hookworm egg		Scanning electron microscope photo – whipworms in situ