| Abomasum |
|
The fourth and final part of the stomach of a ruminant |
| Abscess |
|
A confined collection of pus |
| Acute |
|
Sudden; an acute infection is one that develops rapidly and is usually of short duration |
| Albumin |
|
A blood protein which helps to prevent oedema by drawing fluid from the tissues into the blood |
| Allergenic |
|
Capable of causing allergy (a sudden inflammatory response) |
| Alternate grazing |
|
The technique of periodically changing the livestock species that graze on a given pasture; reduces parasite loads on pasture since different animals are affected by different parasites |
| Alveolus |
|
One of the network of tiny spaces in the lung - the site where oxygen is presented to the blood and waste gases are removed for exhalation |
| Anaemia |
|
Condition of low blood concentration of haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. Haemoglobin must contain iron to function properly. Continual blood loss can cause iron deficiency anaemia by depleting body iron stores. |
| Anorexia |
|
Loss of appetite |
| Anterior |
|
Anterior |
| Anthelmintic |
|
Drug used to eliminate helminth parasites from the host |
| Arachnid |
|
Arthropod with two body segments, a fused head and thorax, and an abdomen. The life cycle is one of incomplete metamorphosis. Adults have four pairs of legs and lack both wings and antennae. |
| Arthropod |
|
Animals with jointed legs and hard external skeletons, includes insects, arachnids, centipedes, crustaceans (crabs, shrimps) and others |
| Ascites |
|
Fluid accumulation in the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity |
| Bladder worm |
|
Infective stage of Taenia tapeworm (Cysticercus), Name refers to the fluid filled bladder which surrounds the larval scolex of scoleces |
| Bots |
|
Larvae of several fly species, particularly Gastrophilus (horse bot), Oestrus (sheep bot), and Dermatobia and Hypodermia (affect cattle and other species) |
| Bottle Jaw |
|
Fluid accumulation under lower jaw (submandibular oedema) |
| Bronchi |
|
Larger sized airways of the lungs, which connect the trachea with the smaller airways |
| Bronchitis |
|
Inflammation of the inner lining of the bronchi |
| Buccal capsule |
|
Mouth cavity of a nematode |
| Bursa |
|
A system of expansions of the cuticle at the posterior end of male strongyle nematodes, The bursa is involved in holding the male and female together in copulation; its shape is species characteristic and is used to identify nematodes. |
| Capillary |
|
One of the tiny blood vessels which form a network in the body tissues |
| Capitulum |
|
False head of a tick; bears the mouthparts and the probing sensory structures. Its shape is characteristic of the tick species |
| Carrier |
|
An apparently healthy animal, which is infected with pathogenic organism, the carrier, can transmit the organism to other animals, which may then develop disease. |
| Cercaria |
|
A free living larval trematode which develops from a sporocyst or redia in snail intermediate hosts. |
| Cestode |
|
Tapeworm |
| Chronic |
|
Long standing, a chronic disease is one of that develops slowly and persists for a prolonged time. |
| Coenurus |
|
Larval form of certain tapeworms: found in the tissues of mammalian intermediate hosts. Consists of a fluid filled bladder with many tapeworm scolices growing on the inner wall. |
| Colostrum |
|
The first milk secreted at the end of the pregnancy. Colostrum is rich in naturally derived antibiotics, which can transfer temporary immunity to neo-nates. |
| Complete metamorphosis |
|
The process of development involving dissimilar larval, pupal, and adult stages; occurs in parasitic flies and fleas. |
| Coprophagous |
|
Feeding on manure |
| Crutching |
|
Shearing the anal and genital area and the backs and the hind legs of sheep to reduce blowfly attack |
| Copulation |
|
Mating |
| Cutaneous |
|
Pertaining to the skin |
| Cuticle |
|
Outer layer ("skin") of parasite |
| Cysticercus |
|
Infective stage of a Taenia tapeworm, consisting of fluid filled bladder with a single scolex on its inner wall. When found in the muscles of livestock, these small bladders cause the mottle appearance termed "measles" in meat. |
| Definitive host |
|
Animal in which a parasite reaches sexual maturity |
| Dermatitis |
|
Inflammation of the skin |
| Direct life cycle |
|
Life cycle in which parasites do not require development within an intermediate host |
| Ear Canker |
|
Acute inflammation of the ear and auditory canal |
| Ectoparasite |
|
A parasite that lives on the body surface of its host |
| Eczema |
|
Inflammation of the skin, often accompanied by itching, crusting and scaliness |
| Embyronated egg |
|
Egg which contains a formed lava |
| Emphysema |
|
Increased size of the tiny air spaces (alveoli) of the lung to destruction of their walls, a condition which interferes with oxygen uptake by the blood. |
| Endemic |
|
Present continually in a region or among a certain groups of animals. |
| Endoparasite |
|
A parasite that lives within the body of its host |
| Engorgement |
|
Distension of a feeding tick with blood - cannot occur in male hard ticks, which are totally covered by a hard body surface. |
| Enteritis |
|
Inflammation of the intestine |
| Epithelium |
|
The tissue layer which covers the skin and lines the inner walls of many body organs, including the digestive tract. |
| Exudate |
|
Leaking of fluid which covers the skin and lines the inner walls of many body organs, including the digestive tract. |
| Feed efficiency |
|
The efficiency with which an animal is able to use ingested nutrients for growth |
| Festoon |
|
Rectangular raised areas separated by grooves - occurs on the posterior edge of hard ticks of certain species |
| Fibrosis |
|
The formation of fibrous tissue, often as a response to tissue damage |
| Gastritis |
|
Inflammation of the stomach |
| Generation time |
|
The time required for completion of the entire life cycle of an organism |
| Gravid proglottid |
|
A mature tapeworm segment filled with eggs |
| Helminth |
|
General term for parasite worms, including nematodes, cestodes and trematodes |
| Haemorrhage |
|
Bleeding |
| Hermaphroditism |
|
The presence of both male and female productive organs in the same organism which may be capable of reproducing singly |
| Heterogonic |
|
Alternation of sexual and asexual reproduction in successive generations of an organism |
| Hexacanth |
|
(synonym: onchosphere) The motile, six hooked, first stage larva of certain tapeworms, stage which hatches from the cestode egg and infects the intermediate host. |
| Homogonic |
|
Successive generations of an organism, which reproduce in the same manner |
| Host-specific |
|
Able to parasitise only certain species of animals |
| Hydatid cyst |
|
The infective stage of the Echinococcus tapeworm, which forms the fluid filled bladder with many invaginated scolices. Parts of the wall pinch off within the capsule and form secondary cysts, or "brood capsules" each with several scolices. A single hydatid cyst can contain thousands of potential tapeworms. Hydatid cysts are found in humans and livestock. |
| Hypobiosis |
|
Arrested growth or development or larval or adult parasites |
| Immunity |
|
Resistance to a disease or infection |
| Incomplete metamorphosis |
|
The development of some arthropods from eggs to adult like nymphs, which moult to become adults. Characteristic of ticks, mites, and lice. |
| Indirect life cycle |
|
Life cycle in which immature parasitic forms must develop to the infective stage inside an intermediate host |
| Inflammation |
|
General response of organisms to irritation or injury. The process if characterised by increases blood supply to the area, signs include reddening, swelling, raised temperature and pain. |
| Inornate tick |
|
Solid coloured, non patterned |
| Insect |
|
Arthropod with distinct head, thorax and abdomen. One pair of antennae is present on the head and three pairs of legs on the thorax. Wings may or may not be present. |
| Intermediate host |
|
A host that is necessary for part of the development of an immature parasite. |
| Iron deficiency anaemia |
|
Anaemia produced by lack of sufficient iron reserves to replace the iron in lost blood. |
| Jaundice |
|
A condition which can result from damage to the liver, characterised by yellowish skin and whites of the eyes. |
| Jetting |
|
Forcing of stream of insecticide into the fleece of sheep to saturate the body areas susceptible to blowfly strike |
| Lumen |
|
The space in the interior of a hollow organ |
| Lymph |
|
A clear fluid that normally seeps from capillaries into body tissues, flows in the lymph vessels and is eventually returned to the blood |
| Mange |
|
Skin disease caused by mites, often produces an expanding area of scabby skin which has lost its hair |
| Metacercaria |
|
The infective stage of a fluke enclosed in a protective cyst that resits adverse environmental conditions. This stage develops from the cercaria and is infective for the principal host |
| Metacestode |
|
Immature tapeworm which develops from the hexacanth embryo and grows in the intermediate host (mammal) |
| Miricidium |
|
The first developmental stage larva of a fluke which hatches from the egg and penetrates the intermediate host |
| Morbidity |
|
The amount of sickness caused by a disease |
| Mortality |
|
The death rate caused by a disease |
| Moulting |
|
Process of growth in which a new, expanding skin if formed beneath the old one; the original skin is shed, allowing the parasite to expand in its new skin |
| Mucosa |
|
The inner layers of the wall of the digestive tract, mucous membranes |
| Mules' operation |
|
Removing a strip of skin, extending from the tail base to the inner thigh, from each side of the hindquarters of a sheep. When healed, the operation greatly reduces susceptibility of sheep to blowfly strike by stretching the skin of the buttocks, so that it is no longer wetted by urine, reducing its attractiveness to blowflies |
| Myiasis |
|
Invasion of body tissues by parasitic fly larvae |
| Necropsy |
|
Autopsy; postmortem examination |
| Nematodes |
|
Parasitic worms of the class NEMATODA, which includes intestinal roundworms, filarial worms, lungworms, kidney worms, heartworms etc. |
| Nit |
|
Louse egg |
| Occult infection |
|
Hidden infection, one in which no eggs or larvae are produced. For example, infections can be occult when only worms of one sex are present of a species that requires mating to produce eggs or larvae. (See hypobiosis) |
| Oncotic pressure |
|
|
| Oedema |
|
The force exerted by proteins to draw tissue from the fluids into the blood |
| One host tick |
|
Tick that completes all its moult on the same individual host animal |
| Operculum |
|
Lid of cap like structure at one of both ends of certain worm eggs, ie, Trichuris, and fluke; the larval parasite emerges from the egg at the operculum. |
| Organophosphate |
|
A substance that can interfere with the function of the nervous systems of some parasites and host animals by inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase. |
| Ornate |
|
Coloured, patterned |
| Ovoviviparous |
|
Laying or deposition of an egg which contains larva |
| Parasite worry |
|
Annoyance and nervousness caused by parasites |
| Paratenic host |
|
An animal that carries a parasite principal host. The parasite does not develop inside the paratenic host. The principal; host may become infected by eating the infected paratenic host. |
| Parthenogenesis |
|
The laying of fertile eggs by a female without the need for fertilisation by a male |
| Parturition |
|
Giving birth |
| Pasture rotation |
|
Alternating the ares on which animals graze, allowing time for parasites contaminating pasture to die off before animals are grazed on that land again |
| Prepatent disease |
|
Disease produced by a larval or immature adult parasites before the parasites are producing eggs |
| Prepatent period |
|
The period from the time the larvae enter the host until the time the adult female worms begin to lay eggs |
| Primary blowfly |
|
Blowflies which initiate strike on susceptible sheep. Damage from primary fly larvae make sheep attractive to secondary blowflies |
| Proboscis |
|
The structure at the anterior end of an organism permitting the attachment and / or feeding |
| Proglottid |
|
Tapeworm segment |
| Pyriform (piriform) apparatus |
|
The inner membrane of the eggs of certain tapeworms which is often pear shaped and bears hooks |
| Rays |
|
Finger like structures which support the copulatory bursa |
| Redia |
|
Trematode stage in the intermediate host which develops from the sporocyst, and which becomes the cercaria. Rediae may have the ability to divide |
| Rumen |
|
The first four compartments of the stomach of a cow or sheep. The rumen is a large chamber that serves as a fermentation vat for microbial digestion of feed stuffs |
| Safe pasture |
|
Pasture on which infective larvae are present in numbers below that necessary to damage animals |
| Scolex: (pl scolices) |
|
The "head" of a cestode; the part which attaches to the host and generates proglottids |
| Scutum |
|
A hard plate or shield on the upper body surface behind the capitulum of hard ticks. The scutum is much more extensive in male than in female ticks |
| Sebaceous glands |
|
Oil glands of the skin and hair follicles |
| Secondary blowfly |
|
Attack by blowflies which lay eggs only in tissue that has been damaged by a first, or primary, blowfly strike |
| Seed ticks |
|
Tiny tick larvae before their first blood meal |
| Segmented egg |
|
Egg within which the inner mass has divided into cells |
| Self cure |
|
Elimination of parasites from a host as the result of the development of immunity to the parasites |
| Sheath |
|
Outer protective layer; ensheathed larvae retain an unshed cuticle from a previous moult |
| Site of predilection |
|
The location in a host animal of adults of a given parasite type |
| Somatic |
|
Pertaining to the body tissues |
| Somatic migration |
|
Migration of larvae through the tissues of a host's body |
| Spicules |
|
Long, slender, rigid structures at the posterior end of male nematodes, serve to align the male with the female and to keep the female genital pore open |
| Sporocyst |
|
Trematode stage which develops inside the intermediate host from the miracidium; may be capable of multiplication within the intermediate host |
| Spring rise |
|
The increase in egg production from worms in the spring months; leads to increased numbers of infective larvae on the pastures |
| Sputum |
|
Mucus coughed from the lungs |
| Strike |
|
Myiasis, particularly blowfly larval infestation of sheep |
| Strobila |
|
Body of a tapeworm; composed of maturing proglottids |
| Strongyle-type egg |
|
Egg form laid by a number of nematodes of the Order STRONGYLOIDEA, characterised by oval shape, thin, smooth wall, and an inner segmented cell mass |
| Subcutaneous |
|
Under the skin |
| Systemic |
|
Distributed throughout the body, as in the blood |
| Therapeutic index |
|
The margin of safety of a drug; the difference between the dose that kills parasites and the dose that harms the host |
| Three host tick |
|
Tick that seeks a new host animal for a blood meal after each of its three moults |
| Tick paralysis |
|
An ascending paralysis associated with the engorgement of female ticks; probably caused by a toxin in the saliva of a tick |
| Toxin |
|
Poisonous or noxious material |
| Trachea |
|
Windpipe; extends from the mouth area to the lungs, where it connects with the bronchi |
| Tracheal migration |
|
Migration pattern characteristic of many nematode species. Larvae in the blood break through the long alveoli walls into the airways and are coughed up and swallowed |
| Transovarian transmission |
|
Passage of a micro organism into eggs within an infected female host |
| Transfer host |
|
Paratenic host |
| Trematode |
|
Any parasitic animal organism belonging to the Class TREMATODA, including flukes |
| Two host ticks |
|
Tick that remains on one host for the larval and nymphal stages, drops off to moult on an adult, and seeks a second h host on which to take another blood meal and copulate |
| Unthrifty |
|
Failing to grow or develop normally, because of disease |
| Ventral |
|
Lower, or toward the belly |
| Viviparous |
|
Giving birth to living young |
| Wool break |
|
Cessation of wool growth for a brief period causing a breakage of the fibres at the point where growth was interrupted |
